Based on the linked source; automatically prepared and checked against the original report.
Design Framework
The external communication framework (ECF) was developed to connect primary user requirements with how wheelchair designs are perceived. Its purpose is to support safe, intuitive navigation and a positive social presence without reinforcing disability-related stereotypes. The framework addresses external human-machine interfaces and the perceptual qualities associated with them.
Two-Phase Research
Researchers used a two-phase mixed-methods approach. Focus groups involving wheelchair users and domain experts identified four foundational themes: streamlined information in interaction; user-centric safety feedback; harmonious and minimalist interaction design; and effortless integration and production. In the second phase, wheelchair users assessed multiple designs, with socio-emotional responses examined through principal component analysis.
Perceptual Differences
The analysis placed principal components above the functional foundation as a second perceptual layer, with the first three components explaining more than 70% of observed variance. Manual wheelchairs were associated with safety, stability and comfort, while powered designs emphasized independence, trustworthiness and futuristic qualities. Communicative and stylish characteristics were valued across both categories. The authors say these perceptions can influence responses before interaction and suggest that applying the ECF may support acceptance, sustained use and social presence. The record summarizes an abstract rather than the full paper.
