Based on the linked source; automatically prepared and checked against the original report.
Review scope
The review mapped biomechanical and physiological variables examined in wheelchair racing, along with the environments and technologies used to collect data. Researchers identified relevant articles published through 3 February 2025 across PubMed, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus and Scopus. Screening produced 31 included studies: 15 focused on biomechanics, seven on physiology and nine combined both areas.
Athletes, distances and methods
Most measured athletes were male, accounting for 78%, and competed in the T51–54 classifications. Female athletes and competitors with coordination impairment in the T32–34 classifications were underrepresented. Studies assessed protocols ranging from the first six pushes to 90 minutes, with 100 metres the most frequently examined distance. Laboratory testing using roller systems, motorised treadmills or ergometers predominated.
Performance variables and research gaps
The reviewed biomechanical evidence identified push technique, including increased upper-arm angular velocity, and acceleration optimisation as important factors associated with competitive speed. Physiological research measured V̇O2peak, blood lactate and heart rate, but direct performance links remained limited. The review notes substantial methodological diversity and proposes that inertial measurement units, three-dimensional motion capture and force-instrumented rollers or wheels could improve future understanding.
